This course examines the political, social, and material worlds of mobile pastoralist societies that shaped East Asian history from the 3rd century BCE through the 14th century CE. Groups including the Xiongnu, Turks, Khitan Liao, Jurchen-Chin, and Mongols built complex polities that rivaled and often conquered their sedentary agricultural neighbors, yet they have frequently been dismissed as "barbarian" raiders or excluded from definitions of "states" altogether. We trace the historical trajectories of steppe societies as distinct from yet deeply entwined with the histories of other East Asian regions, asking: How did mobile pastoralists organize political power? How did their interactions with agrarian states shape both pastoralist and sedentary societies? And fundamentally, what does it mean to call something a ‘state’? Through archaeological evidence, historical texts, and comparative analysis, students explore how pastoralist groups have been studied, represented, and misunderstood. We examine political organization, military structures, material culture, foodways, and daily lifeways, while interrogating the categories and assumptions scholars use to make sense of the past. The structuring question of this course—Do pastoralist states exist, and is that a meaningful category of analysis?—speaks to broader debates about power, identity, and state formation that extend beyond East Asia.